Discursos sobre violencia contra la mujer de jóvenes y profesionales en España. Proyecto PositivMasc / Discourses on violence against women by young people and professionals in Spain: PositivMasc project

Objetivo: Analizar los discursos de jóvenes y profesionales sobre la violencia contra la mujer y explorar las posibles estrategias para su prevención en España.Método: Estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas a 16 jóvenes (18-24 años) y 23 profesionales que trabajan en la prevención de la violencia contra la mujer. Se llevó a cabo un análisis del discurso para identificar los principales repertorios interpretativos.Resultados: Los cuatro repertorios interpretativos de este estudio reflejan cómo las personas jóvenes perciben la violencia física en el ámbito doméstico como el tipo de violencia contra la mujer más visible. En sus discursos, tanto hombres como mujeres jóvenes describen el carácter bidireccional de la violencia en el ámbito de la pareja. Emerge la alusión a la responsabilidad de los agentes sociales en la perpetuación de la violencia contra la mujer. Por último, las personas jóvenes y profesionales destacan el papel clave de los chicos en la prevención de la violencia contra la mujer.Conclusiones: La violencia física continúa siendo el principal tipo de violencia percibido por la población joven, pero mayoritariamente las chicas fueron capaces de identificar otras formas de violencia más sutiles y normalizadas. Los agentes sociales tienen una fuerte influencia en el imaginario sobre la violencia contra la mujer de la población joven. Por último, las futuras estrategias contra la violencia contra la mujer deben contar con la participación de los hombres jóvenes desde estrategias comunitarias que trabajen en la promoción de actitudes y relaciones positivas e igualitarias.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the discourses of young people and professionals on violence against women and to explore possible strategies for its prevention in Spain.Method: Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 16 young people (18–24 years old) and 23 professionals working in violence against women prevention. A discourse analysis was carried out to identify the main interpretative repertoires.Results: The four interpretative repertoires of this study reflect how young people perceive physical violence in the domestic sphere as the most visible type of violence against women. In their discourses, both young men and women describe the bidirectional nature of intimate partner violence. The allusion to the responsibility of social agents in the perpetuation of violence against women emerges. Finally, young people and professionals emphasize the key role of boys in the prevention of violence against women.Conclusions: Physical violence continues to be the main type of violence perceived by the young population, but most girls were able to identify other more subtle and normalized forms of violence. Social agents have a strong influence on the imaginary of violence against women in the young population. Finally, future strategies against violence against women must involve young men in community-based strategies that work to promote positive and egalitarian attitudes and relationships.(AU)

Introducción a la Perspectiva de Género: Cuarto encuentro

En este último encuentro, Leticia Locio, directora provincial de Abordaje Integral de las Violencias por Razones de Género y Norma Giorno, asesora de la Subsecretaría de Políticas contra las Violencias por Razones de Género se centrarán en la incorporación de la perspectiva transversal de género y las políticas públicas implementadas desde el Estado provincial. Los puntos desarrollados en la clase son: Conceptualizaciones sobre las violencias por razones de género según la Ley Nacional n° 26.485; Formas que asumen y acciones del Estado; Consideraciones generales: sociedad patriarcal, relaciones de poder y vínculos interpersonales y, vulneración de los Derechos Humanos. Carácter multicausal y abordajes: integrales, interinstitucionales, intersectoriales e interjurisdiccionales. Tipos de violencia: física, psicológica, sexual, económica, simbólica y política. Modalidades/ámbitos: doméstica, institucional, laboral, contra la libertad reproductiva, obstétrica, mediática, en el espacio publico y política. Multicausalidad. Ciclo de la violencia. Sistema Integrado de Políticas Públicas (SIPP). Principios rectores del SIPP. Políticas Públicas aplicadas desde el Estado.

Time trend and spatial distribution of the cases of lethal violence against women in Brazil. / Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial dos casos de violência letal contra mulheres no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the time trend and the spatial distribution of the cases of lethal violence against women in Brazil, according to age group and to race/skin color. METHOD: an ecological study of time series, with spatial distribution of the deaths of women victims of aggression, registered in the Mortality Information System, resident in Brazil, Brazilian geographic regions and states. Due to underreporting of deaths in some states, correction factors of the mortality rates were employed. For the trend analysis, we adopted the polynomial regression model. In addition to that, the mean rates and annual upward/downward trends were distributed considering the Brazilian federative units as analysis units. RESULTS: the mean rate was 6.24 cases of lethal violence per 100,000 women, with a significant variation across the Brazilian regions and states. The main victims of violent death in Brazil are young, black-/brown-skinned and indigenous women, with a growing trend in these population segments. The North and Northeast regions stood out with the most significant mean annual increases (0.33; r2= 0.96 and 0.26; r2= 0.92, respectively). CONCLUSION: there was a stable trend regarding lethal violence against women, with significant regional differences. Young, black-/brown-skinned and indigenous women are more vulnerable to violent death in Brazil.

Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial dos casos de violência letal contra mulheres no Brasil / Time trend and spatial distribution of the cases of lethal violence against women in Brazil / Tendencia temporal y distribución espacial de los casos de violencia letal contra la mujer en Brasil

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal e a distribuição espacial dos casos de violência letal contra mulheres no Brasil, segundo faixa etária e raça/cor. Método: estudo ecológico, de séries temporais, com distribuição espacial dos óbitos de mulheres vítimas de agressão, cadastrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, residentes no Brasil, regiões geográficas e estados brasileiros. Devido ao sub-registro de óbitos em alguns estados, empregaram-se fatores de correção das taxas de mortalidade. Para a análise de tendência, adotamos o modelo de regressão polinomial. Além disso, as taxas médias e as tendências de aumento/reduções anuais foram distribuídas considerando como unidade de análise as unidades federativas do Brasil. Resultados: a taxa média foi de 6,24 casos de violência letal por 100 mil mulheres, com variação importante entre as regiões e os estados brasileiros. As principais vítimas de morte violenta no Brasil são mulheres jovens, pretas/pardas e indígenas, com tendência de crescimento nessas populações. As Regiões Norte e Nordeste se destacaram com os aumentos anuais médios mais expressivos (0,33; r2 = 0,96 e 0,26; r2 = 0,92, respectivamente). Conclusão: evidenciou-se tendência de estabilidade da violência letal contra a mulher, com diferenças regionais significativas. Mulheres jovens, pretas/pardas e indígenas são mais vulneráveis à morte violenta no Brasil.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the time trend and the spatial distribution of the cases of lethal violence against women in Brazil, according to age group and to race/skin color. Method: an ecological study of time series, with spatial distribution of the deaths of women victims of aggression, registered in the Mortality Information System, resident in Brazil, Brazilian geographic regions and states. Due to underreporting of deaths in some states, correction factors of the mortality rates were employed. For the trend analysis, we adopted the polynomial regression model. In addition to that, the mean rates and annual upward/downward trends were distributed considering the Brazilian federative units as analysis units. Results: the mean rate was 6.24 cases of lethal violence per 100,000 women, with a significant variation across the Brazilian regions and states. The main victims of violent death in Brazil are young, black-/brown-skinned and indigenous women, with a growing trend in these population segments. The North and Northeast regions stood out with the most significant mean annual increases (0.33; r2= 0.96 and 0.26; r2= 0.92, respectively). Conclusion: there was a stable trend regarding lethal violence against women, with significant regional differences. Young, black-/brown-skinned and indigenous women are more vulnerable to violent death in Brazil.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal y la distribución espacial de los casos de violencia letal contra la mujer en Brasil, según la franja etaria y la raza/color. Método: estudio ecológico, de las series temporales, con distribución espacial de las muertes de mujeres víctimas de agresión, registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad, residentes en Brasil, regiones geográficas y estados brasileños. Debido a que hay subregistro de las muertes en algunos estados, se utilizaron factores de corrección para las tasas de mortalidad. Para el análisis de tendencias, adoptamos el modelo de regresión polinomial. Además, las tasas medias y las tendencias anuales de aumento/disminución fueron distribuidas considerando como unidad de análisis las unidades federativas de Brasil. Resultados: la tasa promedio fue de 6,24 casos de violencia letal por cada 100.000 mujeres, con variación significativa entre regiones y estados brasileños. Las principales víctimas de muerte violenta en Brasil son mujeres jóvenes, negras/morenas e indígenas y la tendencia es creciente en estas poblaciones. Las regiones Norte y Noreste presentaron los aumentos medios anuales más significativos (0,33; r2 = 0,96 y 0,26; r2 = 0,92, respectivamente). Conclusión: hubo una tendencia a la estabilidad de la violencia letal contra la mujer, con diferencias regionales significativas. Las mujeres jóvenes, negras/morenas e indígenas son más vulnerables a la muerte violenta en Brasil.

Primary care health professionals and violence against women: systematic review / Profesionales de la salud de atención primaria y violencia contra las mujeres: revisión sistemática / Profissionais de saúde da atenção primária e violência contra a mulher: revisão sistemática

Objective: to describe the evidence on the potentialities and limitations of primary health care professionals in gender violence against women. Method: systematic review of mixed methods of articles published between 2015-2020, based on the recommendations of the PRISMA model, carried out at databases of the Virtual Health Library. Nine articles were selected after the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment. Results: studies have shown that the view of professionals on violence against women is limited. Little knowledge on the subject and victim care services was considered a barrier in the identification and management of cases. Training and knowledge about violence and the bond between patient-professional were identified as potentialities for prevention, recognition and care for women in Primary Care. Conclusion: health professionals in Primary Care need qualification and greater awareness to know the multiple aspects that involve violence against women.

Objetivo: describir la evidencia sobre las potencialidades y limitaciones de los profesionales de atención primaria de salud en la violencia de género contra las mujeres. Método: revisión sistemática de métodos mixtos de artículos publicados entre 2015-2020, basada en las recomendaciones del modelo PRISMA, realizada en bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Se seleccionaron nueve artículos después de la aplicación de criterios de inclusión/exclusión y evaluación de la calidad. Resultados: los estudios han demostrado que la visión de los profesionales sobre la violencia contra las mujeres es limitada. El escaso conocimiento sobre el tema y los servicios de atención a las víctimas se consideraron una barrera en la identificación y gestión de los casos. La capacitación y el conocimiento sobre la violencia y el vínculo entre paciente-profesional fueron identificados como potencialidades para la prevención, el reconocimiento y la atención a las mujeres en Atención Primaria. Conclusión: los profesionales de la salud en Atención Primaria necesitan cualificación y mayor concienciación para conocer los múltiples aspectos que conlleva la violencia contra las mujeres.

Objetivo: descrever as evidências sobre as potencialidades e limitações de profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde na violência de gênero contra a mulher. Método: revisão sistemática de métodos mistos de artigos publicados entre 2015-2020, norteada pelas recomendações do modelo PRISMA, realizada em bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Foram selecionados nove artigos após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão e avaliação da qualidade. Resultados: os estudos demonstraram que a visão das profissionais sobre violência contra a mulher é limitada. O pouco conhecimento sobre o tema e serviços de atendimento à vítima foi considerado barreira na identificação e no manejo dos casos. O treinamento e o conhecimento sobre violência e o vínculo entre paciente-profissional foram apontados como potencialidades para prevenção, reconhecimento e assistência às mulheres na Atenção Primária. Conclusão: profissionais de saúde na Atenção Primária necessitam de qualificação e maior sensibilização para conhecer os múltiplos aspectos que envolvem a violência contra a mulher.

Ateneo General de la Residencia de Psicopedagogía: Huellas de las promesas incumplidas: el devenir del aprendizaje en contextos violentos / Atheneaum Psychopedagogic Residence: Traces of unfulfilled promises: the evolution of learning in violent contexts

Ateneo del Equipo de Psicopedagogía del Centro de Salud Nº 13, del Área Programática del Hospital General de Agudos P. Piñero, de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, centrado en la problemática de la violencia en la clínica psicopedagógica con niños/as, y en cómo se verán atravesados los procesos de aprendizaje de los/as niños/as víctimas o testigos de violencia con los/as que trabaja el Equipo. Se realiza un breve recorrido histórico del concepto de violencia, para intentar una posible conceptualización de la misma, y se analiza la dimensión socio-cultural e histórica de la violencia, enmarcada en el sistema patriarcal e influida por las relaciones de poder. Se hace hincapié en la violencia familiar y, más particularmente en la violencia de género y se profundiza en las distintas formas de maltrato infantil.

Violencia intrafamiliar contra mujeres de Santiago de Cuba / Intrafamilial Violence against Women from a Medical Office in Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La violencia de género representa en la actualidad un grave problema para la humanidad y afecta a todos los países y a millones de personas, sobre todo a mujeres y niñas. Objetivo: Caracterizar a las mujeres que sufren violencia intrafamiliar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Consultorio Médico de Familia No. 12 del Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña, del municipio Santiago de Cuba, en el período noviembre 2018 a junio 2019. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 378 mujeres de 15 años y más, y la muestra por 43 féminas que sufrían algún tipo de violencia. Se les aplicó un cuestionario. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, escolaridad, nivel ocupacional, estado conyugal, tipo de abuso y familiar perpetrador de la violencia. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencia absolutas y porcentaje. Los datos se procesaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11.0. Los resultados obtenidos se muestran en tablas y gráficos, para facilitar su comprensión y análisis. Resultados: Se evidenció que 43,6 por ciento perteneció al grupo de edad de 20 a 35 años; 53,4 por ciento era ama de casa, predominó la unión consensual (55,9 por ciento), el nivel superior medio (48,8 por ciento), la violencia física (41,9 por ciento), perpetrada por el esposo o pareja (44,2 por ciento) y 53,5 por ciento no tuvo percepción del acto. Conclusiones: Fue frecuente la presencia de violencia contra las mujeres, acto que involucraba al resto de la familia. Las féminas no tenían percepción de que eran maltratadas, y eran en su mayoría amas de casa sometidas a la voluntad de su pareja(AU)

Introduction: Gender-related violence currently represents a serious problem for humanity and affects all countries and millions of people, especially women and girls. Objective: To characterize women who suffer domestic violence and from a family medical office in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the family medical office # 12 of Ramón López Peña Teaching Polyclinic of Santiago de Cuba Municipality, in the period from November 2018 to June 2019. The study universe consisted of 378 women aged 15 years and more. The sample was made up of 43 women who suffered some type of violence. A questionnaire was applied to them. The variables studied were age, schooling, occupational level, marital status, type of abuse and relative perpetrator of violence. For processing the information, absolute frequency and percentage distributions were used. The data were processed using the statistical package SPSS (version 11.0). The results obtained are shown in tables and graphs, to facilitate their understanding and analysis. Results: It was evidenced that 43.6 percent belonged to the age group 20-35 years. 53.4 percent; were housewives. There was a predominance of consensual union (55.9 percent), senior-high schooling (48.8 percent), and physical violence (41.9 percent), perpetrated by the husband or partner (44, 2 percent), while 53.5 percent had no perception of the act. Conclusions: The presence of violence against women was frequent, an act that involved the rest of the family. The women had no perception that they were mistreated. They were mostly housewives subjected to the will of their partner(AU)

Patterns and Trends of Gun Violence Against Women in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patterns and trends of firearm injuries in a nationally representative sample of US women. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Gun violence in the United States exceeds rates seen in most other industrialized countries. Due to the paucity of data little is known regarding demographics and temporal variations in firearm injuries among women. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (2001-2017) for women 18 years and older. Number of nonfatal firearm assaults and homicide per year were extracted and crude population-based injury rates were calculated. Sub-stratification by age-group and time period were performed. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2017, there were 88,823 nonfatal firearm assaults involving women and 29,106 firearm homicides. There were 4116 victims of nonfatal firearm assault in 2001 (3.8 per 105) and 12,959 by 2017 (10.0 per 105). Homicide rates were 1.5 per 105 in 2001 and 1.7 per 105 in 2017. Sub-stratification by age-group and time period showed that there were no significant changes in nonfatal firearm assault rates between 2001 and 2010 (P-trend = 0.132 in 18-44 yo; 0.298 in 45-64 yo). However between 2011 and 2017, nonfatal assault rates increased from 7.10 per 105 to 19.24 per 105 in 18-44 yo (P-trend = 0.013) and from 1.48 per 105 to 3.93 per 105 in 45-64 yo (P-trend = 0.003). Similar trends were seen with firearm homicide among 18-44 yo (1.91 per 105 to 2.47 per 105 in 2011-2017, P-trend = 0.022). However, the trends among 45-64 yo were not significant in both time periods. CONCLUSIONS: Female victims of gun violence are increasing and more recent years have been marked with higher rates of firearm injuries, particularly among younger women. These data suggest that improved public health strategies and policies may be beneficial in reducing gun violence against US women.

Violence against older women: A systematic review of qualitative literature.

The majority of the existing evidence-base on violence against women focuses on women of reproductive age (15-49), and globally there is sparse evidence concerning patterns of and types of violence against women aged 50 and older. Improved understanding of differing patterns and dynamics of violence older women experienced is needed to ensure appropriate policy or programmatic responses. To address these gaps in the evidence, we conducted a systematic review of qualitative literature on violence against older women, including any form of violence against women, rather than adopting a specific theoretical framework on what types of violence or perpetrators should be included from the outset, and focusing specifically on qualitative studies, to explore the nature and dynamics of violence against older women from the perspective of women. Following pre-planned searches of 11 electronic databases, two authors screened all identified titles, abstracts and relevant full texts for inclusion in the review. We extracted data from 52 manuscripts identified for inclusion, and conducted quality assessment and thematic synthesis from the key findings of the included studies. Results indicated that the vast majority of included studies were conducted in high-income contexts, and did not contain adequate information on study setting and context. Thematic synthesis identified several central themes, including the intersection between ageing and perceptions of, experiences of and response to violence; the centrality of social and gender norms in shaping older women's experiences of violence; the cumulative physical and mental health impact of exposure to lifelong violence, and that specific barriers exist for older women accessing community supports and health services to address violence victimization. Our findings indicated that violence against older women is prevalent and has significant impacts on physical and mental well-being of older women. Implications for policy and programmatic response, as well as future research directions, are highlighted.

Perspectiva de género y feminismos: Antecedentes y abordajes en el Centro de Salud Mental Nº 1

Trabajo con el objetivo de visibilizar y dar testimonio del recorrido del Centro de Salud Mental Nº 1 de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires en el proceso de asumir e incorporar la perspectiva de género en las conceptualizaciones y prácticas de la institución. También se describen las actividades realizadas en el área de violencia de género y VIH/SIDA.

La apuesta por el sujeto en un caso de violencia de género

Abordajes posibles de la violencia de género desde el psicoanálisis, y pensando en el tratamiento que se brinda las víctimas, donde se intenta una solución adaptativa y educativa, en tanto pretende reeducar a la víctima y al agresor. Se describe el caso de una paciente que fue admitida en el Equipo de Psicodiagnóstico del Centro de Salud.

Critical Masculinity Studies and Research on Violence Against Women: An Assessment of Past Scholarship and Future Directions.

This article investigates the role of critical masculinity theory on the field of violence against women (VAW). We conduct a meta-analysis to discern which theories of masculinity have been used within the journal Violence Against Women over the past 25 years. This search revealed that many articles use masculinity concepts but do not always articulate explicit theories of masculinity. We review hegemonic masculinity and male peer support, two of the most commonly used theories of masculinity and violence. We then discuss new developments within masculinity scholarship, including theories of manhood acts, inclusive masculinity, and hybrid masculinity, and consider how these perspectives can enhance the already robust scholarship on masculinity and VAW.

Twenty-Five Years of Research and Advocacy on Violence Against Women: What Have We Accomplished, and Where Do We Go From Here? A Conversation.

This article is a conversation between two academic experts, Callie Rennison and Nikki Jones, who endeavor to sum up what has been accomplished in eliminating violence against women in the United States during the 25 years of the journal's existence. Domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment are discussed. Although prevalence rates are down in domestic violence, rape and sexual harassment remain persistent problems. Looking at violence against women from an analysis of President Trump voters in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Rennison and Jones observe the extent to which the current ideas and attitudes of women-both young and old-will need to change before violence can be eliminated. Rather than viewing events in the United States as totally negative, they see them as presenting new opportunities for greater understanding of violence against women and for new methods of prevention and perpetrator accountability.

Un millar de muertes: violencia de género / A thousand deaths from gender-based violence

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Gender-based violence in New Delhi, India: forecast based on secondary data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women is a global phenomenon. AIMS: To estimate and forecast cognizable crime against women in New Delhi, India, from 2016 to 2020. METHODS: Reported cognizable crime against women in New Delhi for 2009-2015 was extracted for statistical analysis, synthesis and modelling. The cognizable crimes reported are rape, attempt to commit rape, kidnapping and abduction, dowry deaths, assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty, insult to modesty of women, cruelty by husband or his relative, importation of girls from foreign countries, abetment of suicide of women and indecent representation of women. RESULTS: The actual number of registered cases of crime against women ranged from 4251 (2009) to 17 104 (2015). The projected number of cases ranged between 18 991 [95% confidence interval (CI): 13 092-24 889) in 2016 to 28 663 (95% CI: 22 314-35 013)] in 2020. A rising trend in crime against women was noticed in New Delhi, ranging from 204.6 (2016) to 308.8 (2020) per 100 000 women. After witnessing a substantive increase (116.2%) in reported crime against women in New Delhi in 2013, the subsequent actual and projected rise appears to be incremental in nature, with an annual percentage point change ranging between 9% and 18%. CONCLUSION: Within limitations, it is concluded that the safety of women will continue to be a concern in the near future.

Analysing training in gender-based violence for undergraduate nursing students in Spain: A mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Health-care professionals, and nurses especially among them, play an essential role in the health sector's response to gender-based violence. To be able to successfully address this major public health issue they need specific training in the topic. OBJECTIVE: To analyse training on gender-based violence that nursing students receive at universities in Spain. DESIGN: Mixed-methods approach. SETTING: Spain. METHODS: Systematic review of public documents followed by in-depth interviews with university lecturers. RESULTS: Eighty per cent (92/115) of nursing training programmes included content regarding gender-based violence. There was great variability in the topics included in the training. Health consequences due to gender-based violence exposure and the role of the health sector in addressing these health consequences were the most frequently included topics. Ethical issues and legislation were the least frequent ones, as these were only dealt with in one and 18 training programmes, respectively. In the qualitative analysis of the interviews, two categories were identified: 'Supportive legislation and supportive lecturers are essential for integrating gender-based violence training' and 'Approach to gender-based violence shapes the contents and the subject in which it is incorporated'. The first category refers to the main drivers for training integration, while the second category refers to how lecturers' perceptions influenced the way in which training was implemented. CONCLUSIONS: As many as 80% of the nursing education programmes included specific training in gender-based violence, although with great variability in the contents among the universities. For this study's participants, enacted legislation, and lecturers interested in the topic and in decision-making positions were key drivers for this extensive implementation. The variability observed across universities might be explained by lecturers' different approaches to gender-based violence and the nursing profession.

Rape culture and ostentatious violence: an analysis from the artifactuality of funk

The present study analyzed, from the perspective of social constructionism, funk songs with a broad media repercussion and significant sharing in streaming services, with lyrics that refer to sexual violence: Baile de Favela and Malandramente. The study was carried out through dialogic analysis and followed by the development of a dialogic map. The results point to the construction of the perfect victim, which trivializes sexual violence by blaming the victim. It also erotizes childhood in the construction of victims and perpetrators, whose puerility is mocked by vulgarizing sexual violence and the exaltation of collective rape, exploring possibilities of sexual relations permeated by gender violence. The findings reveal an alarming scenario. Despite the important role that funk plays as an emancipatory cultural practice, the meanings of sexual violence in the lyrics of the songs exposed the development of conflicting relationships between genders as a social norm.(AU)

Violencia extrema contra la mujer y feminicidio en el Perú / Extreme violence against women and femicide in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de violencia extrema contra la mujer y feminicidio así como algunos factores riesgo en el Perú. Métodos: Investigación observacional de datos secundarios (2009-2015) del Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables de Perú. Con el programa Microsoft Excell® se calculó la tasa bruta de violencia extrema contra la mujer y de feminicidio por año y por territorio, así como el riesgo de violencia extrema contra la mujer y el riesgo de feminicidio por territorio, año, mes, vínculo, escenario y área. Resultados: En el período 2009-2015, la tasa de violencia extrema contra la mujer aumentó. Tacna (RT= 2,673; IC 95 por ciento= 2,111-3,384), tuvo el mayor riesgo de feminicidio, mientras que Madre de Dios (RT= 2,475; IC 95 por ciento= 1,462-4,188) tuvo el mayor riesgo de violencia extrema contra la mujer. Este riesgo existió en mayor cuantía en enero (RT=1,204; IC 95 por ciento=1,019-1,422) y el mayor riesgo de feminicidio en noviembre (RT=1,463; IC 95 por ciento=1,173-1,826) y enero (RT=1,280; IC 95 por ciento= 1,014-1,616). Existió mayor riesgo que la violencia extrema contra la mujer culmine en feminicidio cuando el agresor es desconocido (ORc= 11,950; IC 95 por ciento= 6,752-23,510), es conocido (ORc= 2,644; IC 95 por ciento= 1,736-4,094) o es un familiar (ORc=1,614; IC 95 por ciento= 1,078-2,433), en un escenario no íntimo (ORc=5,522; IC 95 por ciento=3,611-8,629), en el área rural (ORc=1,692; IC 95 por ciento=1,136-2,525) o urbana-marginal (ORc=1,678; IC 95 por ciento=1,057-2,673). Conclusiones: La incidencia de violencia extrema contra la mujer ha aumentado. El riesgo de feminicidio es mayor en el mes de noviembre, en el área rural y urbana-marginal, en un escenario no íntimo y cuando la violencia extrema contra la mujer no es perpetrada por la pareja o ex-pareja(AU)

Objective: To determine the incidence of extreme violence against women (EVAW) and femicide; and some risk factors in Peru. Methods: Observational research of secondary data (2009-2015) from the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations of Peru. MS Excell® program was used to calculate the gross rate of extreme violence against women and femicide by territory, year, month, bond, scenario, and area. Results: In the period 2009-2015, the rate of extreme violence against women has increased. Tacna (RT=2,673; IC 95 percent=2,111-3,384) had the highest rate of femicide´s risk, and Madre de Dios (RT=2,475; IC 95 percent= 1,462-4,188) had the highest risk of extreme violence against women. There was greater risk of extreme violence against women in January (RT=1.204, IC95 percent=1.019-1.422) and femicide´s risk in November (RT=1.463, IC95 percent=1.173-1.826) and January (RT=1.280, IC95 percent=1.014-1.616). Extreme violence against women is more likely to end in femicide when the aggressor is unknown (ORc= 11.950; IC 95 percent=6.572-23.510), when is an acquaintance (ORc=2,644; IC 95 percvent=1,736-4,094) or a relative (ORc= 1,614; IC 95 percent= 1,078-2,433), in a non-intimate place (ORc= 5,522; IC 95 percent= 3,611-8,629), in the rural area (ORc= 1,692; IC 95 percent= 1,136-2,525), or in the marginal urban area (ORc=1,678; IC 95 percent= 1,057-2,673). Conclusions: Extreme violence against women's incidence has increased. The risk of femicide is higher in November, in the rural and marginal urban areas, in a non-intimate scenario, and when the extreme violence against women is not perpetrated by the partner or ex-partner(AU)